Process of How Trees Absorb and Evaporate Water

Procedure of How Trees Absorb and Evaporate Water Water for the most part enters a tree through the roots as a natural by-product and any disintegrated mineral supplements will go with it upward through the inward barks xylem (utilizing hairlike activity) and into the leaves. These voyaging supplements at that point feed the tree through the procedure of leaf photosynthesis. Thisâ is a procedure that changes over light vitality, normally from the Sun, into substance vitality that can be later discharged to fuel a living beings exercises including growth.â Trees gracefully leaves with water on account of a decline in hydrostatic or water pressure into upper, leaf-bearing parts called crowns or coverings. This hydrostatic weight distinction lifts the water to the leaves. 90% of theâ trees water is in the long run scattered and discharged from leaf stomata. This stoma is anâ opening or pore that is utilized for gas trade. They are generally found on the under-surface of plant leaves. Air likewise enters the plant through these openings. The carbon dioxide noticeable all around entering the stoma is utilized in photosynthesis. A portion of the oxygen created is utilized in breath through dissipation, into the air. That gainful loss of water from plants is called transpiration. Measures of Water Trees Use A completely developed tree may lose a few hundred gallons of water through its leaves on a hot, dry day. A similar tree will lose almost no water on wet, cold, winter days, so water misfortune is legitimately identified with temperature and dampness. Another approach to state this is practically all water that enters a trees attaches is lost to the climate yet the 10% that remaining parts keeps the living tree framework sound and looks after development. Vanishing of water from the upper pieces of treesâ especially leaves yet additionally stems, blossoms and roots can add to a trees water misfortune. Certain tree species are increasingly effective in dealing with their pace of water misfortune and are regularly found normally on drier destinations. Volumes of Water Trees Use A normal developing tree under ideal conditions can move up to 10,000 gallons of water just to catch around 1,000 usable gallons for the creation of food and adding to its biomass. This is known as the transpiration proportion, the proportion of the mass of water unfolded to the mass of dry issue created. Contingent upon the productivity of the plant or tree species, it might take as meager as 200 pounds (24 gallons) of water to 1,000 pounds (120 gallons) to make a pound of dry issue. A solitary section of land of woodland land, over the span of a developing season, can include 4 tons of biomass yet utilizes 4,000 tons of water to do as such. Assimilation and Hydrostatic Pressure Roots exploit pressures when water and its answers are inconsistent. The way to recall about assimilation is that water streams from the arrangement with the lower solute focus (the dirt) into the arrangement with higher solute fixation (the root). Water will in general move to locales of negative hydrostatic weight angles. Water take-up by plant root assimilation makes an increasingly negative hydrostatic weight potential close to the root surface. Tree roots sense water (more positive water potential) and development is coordinated towards water (hydrotropism). Transpiration Runs the Show Transpiration is the dissipation of water from trees out and into the Earths climate. Leaf transpiration happens through pores called stomata, and at an important expense, dislodges of a lot of its significant water into the climate. These stomata are intended to permit the carbon dioxide gas to trade from air to aid photosynthesisâ that then makes the fuel for development. We have to recollect that transpiration cools trees and each living being around it. Transpiration additionally assists with causing that huge progression of mineral supplements and water from roots to shoots which is brought about by a reduction in hydrostatic (water) pressure. This loss of weight is brought about by water vanishing from the stomata into the climate and the beat goes on.

A Tale of Two Cities Essay

Does solid dedication overwhelm the desire of a decent heart? Ernest Defarge, a character in A Tale of Two Cities by Charles Dickens, is close to a manikin to his better half. In spite of the fact that he doesn't care for murdering honest individuals since they are privileged people, he will not shout out because of dread of showdown with his significant other. Because of his experience and life as a slave, Defarge, in the same way as other different progressives, despises the gentry, and wants to seek retribution. In any case, he doesn't really need these wants to work to the degree that the insurgency got to. Ernest Defarge is a man with a decent warmth, headed to be an impetus to the progressive demonstrations by his solid commitment to the two things he thinks about most: his nation, and his better half. Passage 1: Though many may not see it behind all the horrendous things he has done, Ernest Defarge truly has a decent heart. Ernest Defarge shows empathy my soothing Gaspard, saying, â€Å"Be a bold man, my Gaspard! It is better for the poor small toy to kick the bucket in this way, than to live. It has passed on in a second without torment. Might it be able to have experienced an hour as happily?† Defarge didn’t need to put forth an attempt to get him out, yet he does. This arbitrary demonstration of thoughtfulness shows that he does in truth have a decent side to him. After the kid is run over, the Marquis tosses a coin out of the carriage, figuring he can pay for the child’s life, and consequently he is â€Å"suddenly upset by a coin flying into his carriage†. In this activity of tossing the coin back, which is accepted to be finished by Monsieur Defarge, demonstrates his abhorrence to the nobility, and anticipates the way that he will stand firm agains t it to benefit his nation and its kin. Monsieur Defarge’s character separates from this feeling of generosity when he barks orders at the progressives, for example, â€Å"Patriots and companions, we are prepared! The Bastille!† (214). Contrary to his great heart, Defarge is likewise the pioneer of the Revolution. In this piece of the book, he, and his kindred progressives, decimate The Bastille, and everything else that happens to be in their way. This totally repudiates the sympathy appeared from Ernest Defarge before in the book, yet additionally shows that there might be something behind his frenzy. Monsieur Defarge additionally happens to be an old worker to Dr. Manette, and thinks about him, however with regards to picking between helping the Doctor, or helping his nation, Defarge’s extraordinary dedication to France towers over his emotions towards Manette. Do the square thingy with this statement * â€Å"†¦In a gap in the stack, where a stone has been worked out and supplanted, I locate a composed paper. This is composed paper. I have made it my business to look at certain examples of the composition of Doctor Manette. This is the composition of Doctor Manette. I trust this paper, in the composition of Doctor Manette, to the hands of the President.† This note he discovered, is of Manette â€Å"(add quote where he condems darnay)† Even however he profoundly thought about Manette, he would do anything, actually anything, to help the individuals of his nation. He accepts that condemning Darnay to death is the correct activity for France, and since he accepts that, he will do his best to get it going. Defarge realized how terrible this would hurt Doctor Manette, since Darnay was the Doctor’s child in-law, yet it was his and his wife’s obligation to execute all blue-bloods, along these lines he couldn’t show and kindness. Defarge would even damage a companion, so as to do what he thinks will support his nation. Section 4: Even however it is somewhat difficult to see from the outset, Madame Defarge appears to have a lot of control over her significant other. â€Å"As to thee†, sought after madame, relentlessly, tending to her better half, â€Å"if whenever relied upon thee-which, cheerfully, it doesn't, thou wouldst salvage this man even now† Even however Monsieur Defarge needs to help Charles Darnay, she wouldn’t permit it. He needed to assist the Manette’s and spare Darnay, however after the progressives were educated on what the Evermond’s did to Madame Defarge’s family, he was the one in particular who needed to show benevolence. Because of the dread of showdown with his better half, he doesn’t talk about sparing Darnay once more. Ernest Defarge, from A Tale of Two Cities by Charles Dickens is depicted as an extraordinary pioneer to the progressives, yet in all actuality, he is only a manikin, with Madame Defarge as his puppeteer. Commitment can be a solid thing, some of the time so solid that it can bolt up the generosity of a decent heart, and never look back. A Tale Of Two Cities Essay We discover that the Signal man has seen upsetting occasions, for example, the train crash and the lady of the hour kicking the bucket and is all the more disturbing that he seen it coming, all through the story we perceive how the sign man opens up to the storyteller on how he is pained and is stressing how he saw a phantom yet the storyteller begins to question his new companions psyche and begins to have a belittling mentality towards the sign man. All through the story the dread is spreading. Dickens likewise utilizes material symbolism â€Å"Frozen finger following out my spine† and furthermore Dickens utilizes olfactory symbolism â€Å"an natural destructive smell†. The connection between the storyteller and the sign man would one say one is of trust as the sign man opens up to him on their second gathering â€Å"do the sign man and the storyteller connected here and there? Dickens has made the story raise a few questions about eternity and destiny. Anyway Bram Stoker acclaimed for his book â€Å"Dracula† has made a short story that is a lot of like ‘The Signal Man† however has an alternate way to deal with the repulsiveness classification for the initial hardly any pages are a tad of a secretive â€Å"Dracula’s Guest† is brimming with tension the title alone raises the desire for the peruser as it doesn't part with the plot yet makes a sentiment of interest making the peruser need to peruse on, this is a smart ploy Stoker has utilized and it was additionally a mainstream subject to use as in the medieval times and Victorian time the legends of vampires have been well known among the individuals of Britain and Ireland and maybe the world. The short story contains numerous dull subjects that make puzzle and furthermore adds to the mounting pressure that is made by the title â€Å"Dracula’s Guest† Bram who is Known for his Dark stories that contain significant supernaturalist componen ts, for example, Mythism and severe that are including as the novel â€Å"The Lair of the White Worm†, Bram makes the administrator environment for the short story and for the century as the Victorian period felt weak at the knees over vampirism stories. The story starts in Munich the climate is ideal â€Å"The sun was sparkling brilliantly on Munich, and the air was loaded with the gladness of the early summer† is the climate excessively charming? Bram keenly opens the story thusly to hush the peruser into a feeling of bogus security an exceptionally savvy move I think by and by, yet that all closures when â€Å"still holding his hand on the handle of the carriage door† is utilized which is very stimulating and causes a great deal of intrigue, He likewise utilizes embodiment † a shudder in the north wind† includes progressively sensational impact so does the utilization of similar sounding word usage â€Å"Sudden Storm† however the line â€Å"But I am certain you won't be late, here he grinned and included for you know what night is it† secretive what is the night being referred to? What's more, for what reason is it so significant? The first section makes a feeling of significance for the evening and adds to the puzzle and we at that point get familiar with the explanation the maitre and coachman fears the night and furthermore we gain proficiency with the name â€Å"Walpurgis Nacht† which interpreted from German methods â€Å"Night of Evil† this term is essential to Catholics this is the primary connection to religion, later on we here â€Å"Walpurgis nacht! â€Å", Stoker utilizes the language boundary and the neglect to comprehend adds to the anticipation and strange angle, later the climate changes to â€Å"dark mists floated quickly over the sky† the air changes to a vile dull state of mind. Again the language obstruction is there and the embodiment has the ideal impact â€Å"the tempest of snow he precedes long time† additionally the discourse become dubious and broken making progressively strain here vampirism applied ‘mouths red with blood†, we see that the hero appears to question his mental stability a ton like Dickens character â€Å"The Signal Man† it appears he likewise is surrendering to his dread â€Å"Paroxysm of the dread white face sweating, trembling† Bram Stoker’s method best in class he utilizes itemized portrayals for his characters and settings and his utilization of the language gadgets, for example, illustrations â€Å"glistening white carpet† and his similar sounding word usage â€Å"Sudden Storm† and finally redundancy â€Å"Walpurgis nacht†. Every essayist Dickens and Stoker utilizes various strategies to make a spine-chilling impact on the peruser each could even be bosses of frightfulness and tension, all the angles that the gothic class should be effective and â€Å"The Signal Man† and â€Å"Dracula’s Guest† where fruitful in that age and fruitful today in the investigation of writing . In end after close investigation of the two stories I have seen that the two stories are incredible for keeping up strain and use strategies, for example, similar sounding word usage, disgraceful error and are a great idea to make disarray among the perusers. This wining blend gives the story a kick and keeps the peruser immersed in the story. I accept that stoker is ideal for building anticipation and strain while Dickens plays on the reader’s feeling by hushing them into a suspicion that all is well and good and afterward befuddles them and afterward plays on their disarray. Gavin Teggart Show review just The above see is unformatted content

Frederick Douglass Narrative Essay Topics

Frederick Douglass Narrative Essay TopicsIf you are looking for ways to introduce a new writing to your audience, look no further than Frederick Douglass narrative essay topics. This is the ideal way to teach any student of history in the 21st century how he was actually, a real person and not just a concept.Frederick Douglass is one of the most prominent civil rights leaders of the mid 1800s. He helped to change many of the social issues that we see today with the abolition of slavery, the Nineteenth Amendment and the vote for women. Many people recognize him as a mentor and a great leader, and for good reason.You will need to highlight his bravery, his courage and even the difficulties that he went through to get to where he was. You will also need to illustrate that not only was he a great leader but that he was a person who was part of the African American community in the United States. Your story needs to be personal.Frederick Douglass narrative essay topics are not difficult t o use. The major part of the essay is all in the introduction. So, this is what you want to emphasize the most in the first sentence of the essay. Remember that the beginning of the essay should be more memorable than the rest of the article.When you are starting out, you should always begin your introduction with your greatest accomplishment. Give your reader a quick insight into the life that you lived as a young man.For instance, if you were born on November the seventh in 1728, you could start your essay by describing what happened when you were born. It would be much more effective if you could tell your readers that you were born on the seventh of the month.You can also talk about the time when you met Frederick Douglass. Then you can talk about how he helped you, your family and other people that were similar to you to go on an educational tour of the south. This trip helped to educate the people about the struggle they faced with their struggle for equality.Frederick Douglas s narrative essay topics will help to bring the life of this great civil rights leader to life. The greatest thing about these essay topics is that they show how anyone can easily incorporate a story into the history of America.

Exploratory Essay on Why Soap Operas Are So Popular

Exploratory Essay on Why Soap Operas Are So Popular Why Are Soap Operas So Popular? Watching soap operas is one of favorite pastimes for a considerable number of people. Why? What kind of people usually watches them? I will try to find out. It is no secret that the greatest fans of soaps are women, especially of elderly age. I think, it is conditioned by the fact that women’s psychology differs greatly from the one men have. They are much more emotional, hearty, empathetic and like to experience many different emotions. Without them they just can’t enjoy life to full extent and can even lose the will to live. When being young and having a lot of work to do and a lot of things to take care about, women rarely resort to watching soaps, as they already have saturated and interesting life. Other situation is when they don’t live the life they want – their work doesn’t bring them pleasure and too many things disappoint them. Then, watching soaps is a way of escaping the gloomy reality and making life more interesting. For elderly people, who have grown-up children and have already retired, soap operas become one of the few things that let them feel the variety of emotions they did when being young. Thus, it reminds them of how interesting and exciting life can be and distracts them from their own, often lonely, reality. On balance, I think that soap operas are popular for the fact that they let people experience many different emotions and make their life much more interesting. But I think that living interesting and happy life is the best way, in which people should organize their life and to which they should strive. Of course, it is easier to watch TV instead of

Censorship Of The Beat Generation - 1062 Words

Introduction During the Second World War, it was a trying and solemn period for America so many turned to writing to reflect their situation as a form of comfort. However, there were restrictions on what was read, written, heard and spoke due to the influence of communism. During this period of suppression, there a group of young, intelligent and anti-conformist boys who were studying at Colombia University. Jack Kerouac, William Burroughs, and Allen Ginsberg are the ‘founders’ of Beat Generation. The group beliefs focused on individuality, lack of censorship and salvation which shifted the lifestyle of Americans in terms of how they perceived the social norms around them. One of their notable achievement was rebelling against censorship.†¦show more content†¦It has many counter aggressions to push indecency standards. However, the indecency standards were later lowered in 2009. As mentioned in diagram 1, censorship reduce from 1971 onwards. It is also evident in diagram 2 that from 1971-1975, there was an increase in journals writing about the social movements in America. There was a tremendous growth from 1986 onwards when there was more people getting involved in it. Hence, it can be said that there have been awareness and challenge of ideas during this period from 1971-2005. Adding on, Figure 1 shows the number of censorship incidents by outcome across the United States in 2012. (Censorship in United States). While, Figure 2 shows the challenges by reasons from the duration from 1990 – 2009. From Figure 1, it can be concluded that the red dots represent contents that have been removed. There is an occurring pattern of red dots appearing, which shows the areas that have restricted information being shared. While, the number of green dots appearing also shows that there is an equal amount of information distributed. However, the blue dots represent unknown data collected. This affects the accuracy of the data collected and it does not present an overview if more information is withheld. Moving to Figure 2, collected by the American Library Association, the higher the number indicates more challenges these contents faced. Those faced with most challenges;Show MoreRelatedPositive And Negative Effects Of Censorship In Society798 Words   |  4 PagesCensorship is the suppression, alteration, or prohibition of any parts of books, films, news, music, etc. that are considered obscene, politically unacceptable, or a threat to security. Censorship is an action that has been perfo rmed for many years on several subjects of the world, and it is still happening today. Although censorship is an action occurred on many subjects, music is one of the biggest censorship problems in today’s world. Music can have both positive and negative effects on a personRead MoreThe Beat Generation Essay1031 Words   |  5 PagesThe Beat Movement in modern literature has become an important period in the history of literature and society in America. Incorporating influences such as jazz, art, literature, philosophy and religion, the beat writers created a new vision of modern life and changed the way a generation of people seen the world. The generation is now aging and its representative voices are becoming lost, but the message is alive and well. The Beats have forever changed the nature of American literature. TheyRead MoreThe Affect of Censorship Essay993 Words   |  4 Pagescensored and could potentially influence them to act in unacceptable manners. Censorship is the act of suppressing unacceptable parts of literature and media. It is very often that censorship is used with literature or media because many people see parts of them that are inappropriate in their perspective. When people see them, they are disgusted and wish they didnt see what they had. Many who are opposed to censorship say that the censoring is a violation of the first amendment of the constitutionRead MoreRock And Roll : Rock Roll1169 Words   |  5 Pagescontroversial decade American History†. The assassination of John F. Kennedy and Martin Luther King Jr. shocked the nation. The decade was also going through the process of a great social change; the civil rights movement. â€Å"Members of the first generation who grew up listening to Rock-n-Roll began to assume positions of shaping power in the music industry as writers and producers† (Starr and Waterman, Pg. 238) This brought forth the rise in vocal groups, pop groups, and dance crazes. However, theRead MoreThe Rise And Fall Of The Communist Party1530 Words   |  7 Pagesinsignificant post, but gave him the authority as time passed to make all party member appointments. By this point, not even Lenin could take back control (Joseph Stalin Biography). After Lenin s death in 1924, Stalin managed to climb the ladder and beat the competition for control of the party (Stalin). Stalin s policy of isolationism began after World War II, when he was convinced that Ally hostility would lead to invasion of the Soviet Union. In the late 1940s, Stalin established communist regimesRead MoreWar : A Breath Of Change1715 Words   |  7 Pagesold styles and techniques and twisted them a little, thus bringing a new and refreshing view on what was now beginning to become â€Å"old†. Kurt Vonnegut, for example, used his writing to turn terrible events into dark fiction, which â€Å"appealed to a generation grieved by the Holocaust, atomic bombings, and the assassinations of President John F. Kennedy and Civil Rights leader Martin Luther King, Jr† (Burke 394). Vonnegut was able to twist horrible events in ways that let people laugh (and ultimatelyRead More‘Discuss Ana Marà ­a Matute’s Use of Childrens’ Perspective to Comment on the Adult World’1375 Words   |  6 Pages prejudice and hypocrisy-a reaction to her own experience of the civil war. The beginning of her literary career emerged in 1940s, in a period when the literary censorship has been a major issue for Spanish writers. Matute was part of a ‘wounded generation’ as she describes the times when the literary censorship was tough ‘Our generation grew without writers to emu late†¦.Dostoevsky was forbidden, as were Balzac and Ana Karenina’ . Ana Marà ­a was born in Barcelona in 1926, the second of five childrenRead More Music Censorship is a Violation of Free Speech Essay1619 Words   |  7 Pagesexpression and has been for generations. It makes us want to dance, inspires, soothes, relaxes, and sometimes tells us a story. Music is something the whole world shares and has brought together different kinds of people. However, there has been a question on whether some music has affected society negatively and crossed the line with some of its lyrics, content, and the persona of the artists. Certain music has been boycotted and even banned in the U.S. Pro-censorship supporters say that music isRead MoreEssay on Discuss Homosexuality in the Beat Generation2114 Words   |  9 PagesIn the age that coined the word togetherness as a synonym for family values, the Beats, each in his own style mounted the first open, sustained assault in American history on the masculine role as heterosexual spouse, father and grown-up provide r. In the midst of the Cold War crusade against all deviations from the masculine norm, in the era that could almost be said to have invented the idea of classified information, they openly addressed homosexuality, bisexuality, and masturbation in theirRead MoreThe Use of Propaganda in the Gdr During the Cold War2102 Words   |  9 PagesEast German people, in particular the youth to indoctrinate them with socialist ideas and instill in them guidance for leadership roles as the future of the GDR. One fear in East Germany was the impact of Western popular culture on the younger generations who might be corrupted by racy and rebellious American pop culture, â€Å"people in the GDR associated Western capitalism with exploitative, consumer-oriented attitudes toward sex that were outdated and damaging† . Political authorities saw women as

Organizational Beliefs and Managerial Vision Assignment

Essays on Organizational Beliefs and Managerial Vision Assignment The paper "Organizational Beliefs and Managerial Vision" is a wonderful example of an assignment on management. To provide an avenue for the continued prosperity and perpetuity of a business venture, it is important to recruit candidates who possess some key traits some of which are outlined in the following paragraphs.The aspect of responsibility is one of the basic traits that potential candidates should possess for consideration of a career in business today. It is important for any recruiter to recruit personnel who are seen to be decisive and reliable (Westner, Markus and Strahringer, Sussane, 2008, 18). The candidate should be seen to be capable of embracing critical thinking and in the conduct of his or her duties. He or she should demonstrate a capacity to be rationale and independent in their thinking and action. Taking full responsibility for their actions is one of the mechanisms that should be used to gauge these candidates. If the potential candidate cannot take responsi bility for his actions, then he shows a deficiency of character that is a key component of the business candidates. If they do not meet these thresholds, then they do not fit to be further assessed for qualification as business candidates.Another fundamental characteristic that the potential business candidates should possess is sufficient academic qualifications. It is important to have candidates who are well conversant with their field of study. A business person who has the trait of responsibility as discussed in the preceding paragraph as well as having the academic qualification that is suited to the specific field in which he or she presents herself or himself for assessment could be a desirable candidate. According to Van Den Steen (2005, 257), employers look for those candidates who have demonstrated a capacity to have a balance between the academic world while at the same time. Candidates should also possess the desire to keep on studying to keep themselves abreast with th e current trends in the business industry.Every employee, potential or already in employment should have his or her own level of ambition as well a motivation. In other words, the potential candidate should be in a position to have a self-motivation factor. If one is not motivated at the onset, then he or she is not fit for the business profile. The business world is one of the most competitive industries and as such, the personnel who get into this industry must be very well versed with the dynamics of the industry. And on top of that, they should be capable of mastering and crafting their own future by unleashing their motivation.A person who possesses a strong outgoing character is also desirable for consideration as a potential business candidate. Being extrovert, outgoing and likable while at the same time maintaining the professional touch is a desirable trait. A business candidate should be able to invoke seriousness in business while at the same time allowing room for being likable.

Causes of World War free essay sample

The treaty of Versailles contained a very important war guilt clause which stated â€Å"The Allied and Associated Governments affirm and Germany accepts the responsibility of Germany and her allies for causing all the loss and damage to which the Allied and Associated Governments and their nationals have been subjected as a consequence of the war imposed upon them by the aggression of Germany and her allies. † the importance of this clause was that it blamed the war solely on Germany. Thus we see how the official primary sources blamed German aggression as the main and only cause of the war. However the causes of the war are now widely debated by historians with some going as far as blaming U. K. for the war. One such historian is American Paul. W. Schroeder. He says that the cause of the war was what he called Britains â€Å"encirclement policy which was directed at Austria-Hungary. We will write a custom essay sample on Causes of World War or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Schroeder argued that British foreign policy was anti-German and even more anti-Austrian as Britain never took Austria-Hungary seriously. It was British policy to always force concessions on the Dual Monarchy with no regard to the balance of power in Central Europe. Schroeder claimed that world war 1 was thus a preventive war by Germany to help maintain Austria as a power, in the face of the crippling British encirclement policy which would have otherwise broken-up the state. [1] Historian Fritz Fischer on the other hand states that the war was caused because of domestic politics in countries like Germany. He says that the Germans deliberately sought a war which would distract the population and whip up patriotic support for the right wing conservative government which was under threat of the powerful emerging left. 2] John Rohl uses German documents to tell us how the Kaiser and the Army leadership wanted to start a war at once in December 1912. The only reason for the delay of the war was due to the objections from Grand Admiral Alfred Von Tirpitz, who supported the idea of starting a war but said that the German Navy needed more time to prepare and asked that the war be put off until the summer of 1914. [3] Fischer also claims that there was a will to war amongst the leaders of Germany and that the German government had a plan of expansion very similar to that of Nazi Germany in the 1930s. 4] thus we how many people still believe Germany to be responsible for starting the war. Some historians also list the Franco-Prussian War as one of the main causes for the war. The war unified Germany into an empire thus upsetting the balance of power in continental Europe. At the same time it also led to the splendid isolation of Britain and the forced isolation of France by Bismarck. It also began the alliance system between the different powers which changed the war from a regional conflict to a worldwide one. The alliance system was used as an excuse by Britain to join the war as the German Schlieffen Plan which was made to deal with a simultaneous French and Russian attack involved invading Belgium which had an alliance with Britain Thus we see how the Franco -Prussian War set of a chain reaction of events which culminated in the first world war. It is further said that the initial isolation of France by Bismarck and then the popular revanchist movement led to france becoming more hostile towards Germany. Which resulted in them forming an alliance with Russia. This alliance forced the germans to attack them to protect their western front before attacking Russia.. Thus we see how the Franco Prussian War led to the alliance system which led to a regional conflict turning to a world war. Historian Andreas Hillgruber claims that the war broke out due to a calculated risk by the germans to break the informal Triple Entente of Russia, France and Britain by encouraging Austria-Hungary to invade Serbia nd thus provoking a crisis in an area that would concern only St. Petersburg. Hillgruber argued that the Germans hoped that both Paris and London would decide the crisis in the Balkans did not concern them and that lack of Anglo-French support would lead the Russians to reach an understanding with Germany. However this risk went wrong and thus led to the war[5] Historian Emil Ludwig and Ruth Henig blame â€Å"a few dozen incapable leaders† and called the war a result of â€Å"failure of statesmanship and hope†. Henig states that â€Å"By 1912, most European governments had come to believe that a general European war was inevitable and that the problems which plagued them at home and abroad could no longer be settled by negotiation and diplomacy†¦Ã‚  Ã‚   In these circumstances, war seemed to offer an attractive way out †¦Ã¢â‚¬  The strongest support for this theory has come from a quote from British Prime Minister (during world war 1) David Lloyd George who accepted this theory and said â€Å"We muddled into war† Historian Samuel R. Williamson however lays the blame of the crisis on mainly the Balkan Wars, he claims that as a result of the defeat and subsequent weakening of Turkey and Bulgaria the balance of power in the Balkans was disrupted. [6] This later led to the tensions between Serbia and Austria. These in turn led to the immediate cause of a war, the assassination of archduke Franz Ferdinand. This assassination of the heir to the Austrio-Hungarian Empire by the agents of a rival nation played a very significant role in lighting the matchbox that was Europe. The assassination led to a conflict between two small powers which was magnified when these two powers used their respective alliances to turn the whole affair from a regional conflict into a world war. Thus after the evaluation of all the various viewpoints presented by historians it can be concluded that the war was caused mainly as a result of the entangling alliances system and the conflict in the Balkans between Serbia and Austria-Hungary. The two worked hand in hand to start the war. The concept of military alliances that flourished during the Bismarckian era tied the fate of each and every European power together in a web so tight that if one of them fell all of them would fall. The war between Austria-Hungary and Serbia was unavoidable but the progression of the conflict from a regional war avenging an assassinated Archduke to a world wide one was solely because of these the entangling alliance system. Had the alliance system not existed the war would have been another one of the small Balkan wars which had preceded World War 1.

Global Positioning System Essays (1057 words) -

Global Positioning System The Global Positioning System. What is GPS? The global positioning system is a satellite-based navigation system, developed and operated by the U.S. Department of Defence, consisting of a network of 24 orbiting satellites that are eleven thousand nautical miles in space, at an inclination of 55 degrees and in six different orbital paths. The satellites are constantly moving, making two complete orbits around the Earth in just less than 24 hours. The GPS satellites are referred to as NAVSTAR satellites. GPS uses these 'man-made' stars as reference points to calculate positions accurate to a matter of metres. Advanced forms of GPS can make measurements to better than a centimetre. GPS now permits land, sea and airborne users to determine their three dimensional position anywhere in the world very precisely and accurately. The user segment consists of receivers, processors and antennas. The vast majority of applications of precision possible with GPS is primarily of scientific and military use, but it is worth noting that these days, GPS is finding its way into cars, boats, planes, construction equipment and a lot more. Principles of Operation of GPS The GPS satellites orbit the Earth twice a day, 11,000 miles above the Earth transmitting their precise position and elevation. In brief, the GPS receiver acquires the signal, then measures the interval between transmission and receipt of the signal to determine the distance between the receiver and the satellite. Once the receiver has calculated this data for at least three satellites, its location on the Earth's surface can be determined. This is the basis of triangulation, which works as follows: -Determining the exact distance to one satellite narrows down the receiver's position to some place on an imaginary sphere. -Knowing the exact distance to a second satellite narrows the position down to the intersection of two spheres or a circle of points. -Knowing the exact position of a third satellite narrows the possibilities down to two points of intersection. The exact position is usually known now because one of the points is usually not on the surface of the Earth. A fourth satellite position can be used to find the one single location without any doubt. (This will be discussed later). This is how position is calculated, but how is the distance measured from the receiver to the satellite? Basically, it is measured by timing how long it takes for a signal sent from the satellite to arrive at the receiver. Both the satellite and the receiver simultaneously generate the same pseudo random code. The time delay before both codes will synchronise, multiplied by the speed of light gives the distance. Diagrammatically, It should be explained that the pseudo random code is just a very complicated code that looks like random electrical noise. The reasons for the complexity are: -It helps make sure that the receiver doesn't accidentally sync up to some other signal. -It guarantees that the receiver doesn't accidentally pick up another satellite's signal as each satellite has its own unique pseudo random code. -The code makes it possible to use 'information theory' to 'amplify' the GPS signal. As well as the GPS signal containing a pseudo random code, every satellite also transmits almanac and ephemeris data. The almanac data is general information on the location and the health of each satellite in the constellation, which can be received from any satellite. Ephemeris data is the precise satellite positioning information that is used by the GPS receiver to compute its position. Each satellite transmits its own ephemeris data. It is of utmost importance that timing is extremely precise. Satellites have atomic clocks that can make precise time measurements, while available GPS receivers don't. To correct this, a fourth satellite distance measurement is made, providing perfect timing or atomic accuracy clock measurements. One consequence of this principle is that any decent GPS receiver will need to have at least four channels so that it can make the four measurements simultaneously. Exact distance has now been obtained and the exact position of the satellite is known due to ephemeris data. Therefore, perfect position calculations could be made. It is worth mentioning that the Department of Defence constantly monitors the GPS satellites. There is a master control station in Colorado Springs and five monitor stations and three ground antennas located throughout the world. The

How to Write an Informative Speech

How to Write an Informative Speech Often students will need to learn how to write an informative speech sometime in the last couple of years of high school or first couple of years in college. Writing an informative speech has two primary considerations – length of the speech and flow. When first learning how to write an informative speech, students make the following two errors – length of speech is too short/too long or the wording selected is difficult to give due to the words being unnatural to the speaker. You may want to write your speech quickly and using the higher language and sentence structure that gets you the best grades in your writing classes; however, how to write an informative speech is completely different from how to write a professional paper. You will need the words on the page to flow naturally, and your question is: you may write that way, but do you speak that way. Read your paragraphs aloud slowly while you work on your paper. Single paragraphs where you will evaluate the sentences, structure, and terminology along the way using a criteria that finds a common ground between your normal speech patterns and the need to sound educated during your speech – do you normally speak in long sentences, or short sentences, can you pronounce all the words in the paragraph or are a few taking a little longer to come out correctly, and will you be able to maintain a strong flow or beat through the talking. Finally, check the time of your speech by reading through your paper quickly, because barring interruptions, if this is your first time giving a speech you may find yourself either stumbling or reading too quickly while in front of an audience. All the practice in the world will not make up the 30 seconds of silence while you wait for your time at the podium to end. You can also order a custom informative speech at our professional speech writing service which is committed to provide customers with high-quality custom written speeches.

Interactive illustration in print media targeting children's Thesis

Interactive illustration in print media targeting children's market(under12) - Thesis Example Against the back drop of this information, it won’t be an exaggeration to state that the increasing sophistication of the digital market has captured a major share of the children’s segment, thus indirectly driving them away from the conventional medium of reading i.e. the print media. Furthermore, the development of internet, and the growing affordability as well as ease of home computing has led to a further growth in increasing the attractiveness of the interactive digital media. Children today, have a wide variety of options at their disposal in terms of reading and learning, with internet and interactive digital media forming a huge chunk of their modern childhood activities. Considering the immense potential and popularity of the interactive digital media, and the fact that it has now penetrated educational settings, the significance of interactive print media seems to have taken a back seat. However, the importance and credibility of the print media in revolution izing the social and educational experiences of young readers cannot be completely written off. It is on account of this very reason that educators, researchers, content producers as well as policy makers are now showing an increased interest and concern regarding the dominance of interactive digital media and its likely impact on the invasive experience and understanding of essential social concepts of children. They have stressed that the revival of the print media is necessary as it has an immense potential to stimulate the intellectual, emotional as well as physical development of children. The unique characteristics that the print media offers can go a long way in helping children in shaping their understanding of the world around them. It can also help in the development of a well designed interactive print media can help in engendering a sense of true learning among the young readers. This paper on interactive illustration in print media throws light on various aspects of the print media and its likely impact on the young readers. In the process it traces the roots of this medium and charts its evolution into a highly interactive medium which is specifically designed to stimulate a keen sense of understanding and growth among the target audience, i.e. young children (Schumm, 2006; Wooten, 2009). History of illustration in print media targeting children The market for children’s books was virtually non-existent in the olden times. Most of the picture books prior to the sixteenth or seventeenth century were mainly designed and targeted at the adult audience. Children were not given due importance as an independent market segment and hence there were rarely any books targeted specifically at them, although a privileged few i.e. mostly children from rich upper classes of the society were exposed to and /or had access to illuminated manuscripts (Pope, 2010; Cullinan, Person, 2005). Figure: An example of an illuminated manuscript for children According to Aries, the artists during the tenth and the eleventh centuries hardly displayed any interest in illustrating for children, as they did not consider them an important segment of readers. He

Significant Events in the Middle East After 1850 Term Paper

Significant Events in the Middle East After 1850 - Term Paper Example Saddam hated living with the step father which prompted him to move to his uncles, subsequent to his release from prison. At this point Saddam was a 10-year-old boy. Saddam then went to Baghdad to continue with his schooling where he joined high school. But, he enjoyed politics than school. To his rescue, his uncle helped him make a debut in politics. In 1957, he joined his uncles party Baath. His membership started with a low tone, until 1959 when he was appointed a member of the squad Assassination. He, however, fled Iraq after a failed assassination attempt in the same year, of the then prime minister. Then he went to Syria for one month and then to Egypt, where he stayed for three years in exile. Saddam was a brutal and ruthless president as depicted by most of his actions during his time as the president of Iraq. For instance, he executed three hundred military officers in the year 1982, after their rebellion on his approach of fighting with Iraq. He ousted out of power in 2003 by US forces and after he was found guilty of various human atrocities he was hung in 2006. (thefamouspeople.com, 2010) Yasser Arafat was born in 1929 in the city of Cairo by a Palestinian father with an ancestry of Egypt and his mother was a Palestinian. His mother died while he was just 5 years of age. Subsequently, he moved to live with a material uncle in the city of Jerusalem. After living in Jerusalem for four years, his father took him back to the city of Cairo to be taken care of by an elder sister alongside other siblings. he never attended his fathers funeral in the year 1952. While in Cairo, before age 17, Arafat used to smuggle fire arms to Palestine with the aim of their being used against the Jews and the British. During the period of the war between the Arab states and the Jews, he abandoned his studies at Cairo University so as to go and battle against the Jews around the area of Gaza. He later

Impact Of Ecommerce On Vodafone Marketing Essay

Impact Of Ecommerce On Vodafone Marketing Essay E-Commerce in simple terms can be explained as buying and selling of goods and services and transfer of funds through digital communications. Electronic commerce over the Internet is a new way of conducting business. Ecommerce or electronic commerce involves carrying out business over the Internet with the assistance of computers, which are linked to each other forming a network. The amount and volume of trade that is conducted over such mediums has increased manifold over the years with the spread and adoption of Internet. The growing number of Internet users, (estimated to be more than 1.4 billion worldwide [1]) coupled with increased Internet Connectivity, has contributed to increase in spends for online budgets. Vodafone is the worlds leading international mobile telecommunications group with approximately 280 million proportionate customers as of 30 September 2008 [2]. Vodafone has equity interests in 27 countries across five continents and over 40 partner networks worldwide. Lets have a look at all the ecommerce activities done by Vodafone Vodafone maintains and manages a UK online store for consumers; this ecommerce site is one of the most visited websites in the UK and reliably handles 1.85 million unique visits per month [5]. This has been achieved by optimizing both the front-end and back-end code to ensure that it operates smoothly under considerable load. The site is under constant development with promotional/sales changes made on an on-going basis and releases of strategic developments every 2-4 weeks.   Why is this Vodafone online shop different? It enables a remarkable customer online experience; It completely automates the buying and renewal of online subscriptions; It is built on a very powerful infrastructure: ATG, an e-commerce solution used by the worlds top brands. Picking up the major benefits Vodafone gains are: Customer acquisition increased number of new subscribers; Customer retention due to the personalized customer experience; Customer growth through handy, accessible mix of services; Cost-effectiveness decreasing customer-related operational costs by integrating core business systems. Quoting from the news articleM2 PRESSWIRE-16 May 2000-VODAFONE: Corporate customers enjoy benefits of e-commerce (C) 1994-2000 M2 COMMUNICATIONS LTD RDATE: 16052000 Vodafone today unveils Vodafone Corporate Online, the heart of a new e-commerce strategy for its corporate customers [6]. Vodafone Corporate Online is a secure web site (Extranet) that will initially enable corporate customers to buy goods or services on-line, request installations, recoveries and review order status. Future e- services such as on-line bill analysis, billing via email and electronic bill viewing will follow later in the year. Graham Ward, Managing Director of Vodafone Corporate, said: We are constantly striving to make life easier for our customers and our innovative e-commerce strategy plays a major role in the business [6]. And also another ecommerce transaction of Vodafone is that, the account is also very easy to manage via the Vodafone web site. There is the option to change your price plan, top up, manage your calling groups or even add extra services [7]. If you purchase just a sim card to put into an existing phone, you can send all the settings for GPS, SMS, and WAP etc via their website to update your phone automatically without the need to spend ages doing manual input, or spending hours on the phone to an advisor. Leading e-commerce marketplace makes it easily accessible to Vodafone customers. New mobile application ensures best customer experience on mobile. Vodafone is to offer the new eBay mobile service to customers, enabling them to keep up with their latest purchases, wherever they are and whenever they wish. The eBay application will be free to download  on Vodafone live! or embedded on key customer Vodafone handsets. Launching in Italy initially, the new eBay mobile service will be available across Europe later this year [8].   The eBay mobile application, accessed directly from the customers handset, will include the ability to search and browse items, find deals, bid on items and buy fixed price products. The application will be embedded onto key consumer handsets from Vodafone in the future. Customers with compatible handsets will also be able to download the application from Vodafone live! The application will help consumers track their eBay activity in real time on their phone and will also ensure their mobile and web activity is synchronized.   As we move closer to the convergence of web and mobile, it is essential that we can offer our customers, leading Internet based services, such as eBay, in an easily accessible way, [8] said Frank H. Rà ¶vekamp, Global Chief Marketing Officer, Vodafone. There is a strong demand from eBay users to benefit from a mobile application where they dont miss the end of auctions and bid back when they are outbid. Todays announcement offers just that and gives Vodafone customers a great service and a clear advantage allowing them to make the most of their time [8].   Vodafones main areas of interest are [3]: focus on the customer including privacy, security and online protection; reducing environmental impact through network energy-saving, waste reduction and green travel and; using communications technology to help customers reduce their carbon footprint; supporting good causes including World of Difference a major new volunteering programme; employee engagement and advocacy; working with suppliers to raise and maintain standards. To reach and succeed on these interests the Vodafone started all above mentioned e-commerce strategies and a lot more so that it can enjoy many benefits, the impact it had on Vodafone are, Vodafone was be able to reach new markets across traditional geographic boundaries and expand their customer base. Firm was able to provide cost-effective customer service with tools such as Frequently Asked Questions, delivery-tracking technology or personalized online customer accounts. Its win/win when e-commerce allows them to shift a lot of the burden of service back onto the customer. Stay open for business 24-hours. Vodafone customers can purchase online while employees sleep. And also potentially saved money on labor, materials and other overheads and reduce their inventory holdings. Ecommerce allows Vodafone to carry out businesses without the barriers of time or distance. One can log on to the Internet at any point of time, be it day or night and purchase or sell anything one desires at a single click of the mouse. Essentially this allows them to offer their goods and services to both a global and local market 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, often with vastly reduced overheads which are associated with traditional sales methods. Operational benefits of e commerce include reducing both the time and personnel required to complete business processes, and reducing strain on other resources. The strategic benefit of making Vodafone ecommerce enabled, is that it helped reduce the delivery time, labor cost and the cost incurred in the following areas: Document preparation Error detection and correction Reconciliation Mail preparation Telephone calling Data entry Overtime Supervision expenses According to research conducted by AC Nielson, in September 2006 5.9 million Australians were shopping online, making us the third-largest online spenders behind the UK and the US [4]. Over half of these online shoppers (51 per cent) came back for more and average shopper spending was up 19 percent to $1,900 per annum [4]. Concluding the facts I have written above regarding the ecommerce techniques and strategies used by the Vodafone and also the impact ecommerce had on Vodafone, I would once again like to remind the readers that ecommerce brings in more advantages weighed against the disadvantages to the adaptor. The major the benefits what all firms are striving for are, Increased awareness of products and services   Businesses can now greatly expand their markets using ecommerce, no need to constrain the focus to only the local scene, but by using the Internet, businesses can venture into international and regional markets, with greater ease. This dynamically changes the nature and the marketing activities of some businesses, possibly encouraging the business to expand the diversity of its products and services, to meet these new markets. Websites, in their nature, allow hundreds and thousands of items to be on view 24/7; thus encouraging wider viewing, and extended trading hours. Freedom   With the freedom of being able to post your information on their website, hence on the Internet, at any time of the day; available information of all variations is increasing at a huge rate. The freedom to browse anywhere and interact with anyone is enough to tempt the smallest of businesses and the most introverted of people to get on the Net; hence Net users are increasing in numbers, at an alarming rate, approximately 50,000 per day. Businesses are buzzing on the Net; they have found a way to compete on an even field, with even the largest of corporations; and within a daily increasing customer marketplace. This can be done only by ecommerce Cost advantage  -businesses based on ecommerce are extremely aware of how they can profit by being on the Internet; they can advertise their products and services without the huge costs, and delays of printing, publishing and distribution. The market is a global one, which adds greater value to the costs outlaid for promotion and marketing; compared to the limits of offline. Ecommerce facilities can be incorporated into the website, transforming 2D screen visuals into user reactive models; for example, consumers can order their products and services online, greatly reducing administration expenses. Reduction of telephone calls to potential customers; follow ups by email; newsletters digitally made, promoted by email or downloadable from the website, with reduction of distribution costs; less promotional material sent out, printed and wasted; extended trading hours without a human presence; are just a few ways to cut costs. To reach their goals and strategies, striving through life time of the business will not make any difference they should adapt ecommerce and feel the advantages and the turn-up on their business as soon as possible. This article about Vodafone can be great example of how adapting ecommerce had made an impact on its business activities, customer base and a lot more.

The Internet Effect: How Has It Affected You? :: essays research papers fc

Commonly known as the Internet, the world’s largest network is used extensively throughout the world today. Since its creation in 1983, the Internet has continued to grow in popularity and use as a commercial and private communications medium. Millions of people throughout the world use the Internet in a variety of ways, ranging from personal conversations to on-line shopping. According to a survey compiled by Nua Ltd in 1999, the number of Internet users rose from 26 million in 1995 to 205 million in 1999, an increase of almost 700% (Nua Ltd)! With such an explosive increase, how then has the Internet affected us personally, and how has it affected the way we do business? The answers to these questions include changes in the way people obtain information, interact, work, learn and conduct business.Given the Internet’s original purpose is to share information, it is no wonder that the most important asset of the Internet is the wealth of information that can be found o n the Internet (Maney 3). Information previously found only in libraries and encyclopedias is now available on the Internet; in addition, news, weather, and movie listings are also made available on the Internet. Internet users constantly remain informed of the world around them by reading news from the New York Times, USA Today, San Jose Mercury News, Los Angeles Times and many other newspapers found on-line. Even those like myself who are far away from home can keep in touch by reading local newspapers published on the Internet.Along with the vast amount of information, the Internet also provides almost instant sharing and distribution of information. Through the use of electronic mail, people all over the world can â€Å"send information to far-away places cheaply, easily and in great volume – much more than any medium before it† (Maney 3). This form of communication known as email is the most widely used tool of the Internet today. Another invention of the Internet is the chat room. From within a chat room, people make friends with others throughout the world and share information with one another in real time. Because of email and chat capability, employees can work together without requiring that everyone work in the same place or even at the same time (Maney 4). On a more personal level, email and chat allow families and friends to stay in touch, keeping relationships intact. Being an international student myself, email and chat rooms have greatly benefited me as they enable me to constantly keep in touch with my family and friends in Singapore.

National Territory of the Philippines Essay

The Constitution of the Philippines ( Filipino: Saligang Batas ng Pilipinas ) is the supreme jurisprudence of the Philippines. The Constitution presently in consequence was enacted in 1987. during the disposal of President Corazon Aquino. and is popularly known as the â€Å"1987 Constitution† . [ 1 ] Philippine constitutional jurisprudence experts recognize three other old fundamental laws as holding efficaciously governed the state — the 1935 Commonwealth Constitution. the 1973 Constitution. and the 1986 Freedom Constitution. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] Fundamental laws for the Philippines were besides drafted and adopted during the ephemeral authoritiess of Presidents Emilio Aguinaldo ( 1898 ) and Jose P. Laurel ( 1943 ) . †¢ Background of the 1987 ConstitutionIn 1986. following the People Power Revolution which ousted Ferdinand Marcos as president. and following on her ain startup. Corazon Aquino issued Proclamation No. 3. declaring a national policy to implement the reforms mandated by the people. protecting their basic rights. following a probationary fundamental law. and supplying for an orderly interlingual rendition to a authorities under a new fundamental law. [ 4 ] President Aquino subsequently issued Proclamation No. 9. making a Constitutional Commission ( popularly abbreviated â€Å"Con Com† in the Philippines ) to border a new fundamental law to replace the 1973 Constitution which took consequence during the Marcos soldierly jurisprudence government. Aquino appointed 50 members to the Commission. The members of the Commission were drawn from varied backgrounds. including several former congresswomans. a former Supreme Court Chief Justice ( Roberto Concepcion ) . a Catholic bishop ( Teodoro Bacani ) and movie manager ( Lino Brocka ) . Aquino besides intentionally appointed 5 members. including former Labor Minister Blas Ople. who had been allied with Marcos until the latter’s ejector. After the Commission had convened. it elected as its president Cecilia Munoz-Palma. who had emerged as a prima figure in the anti-Marcos resistance following her retirement as the first female Associate Justice of the Supreme Court. The Commission finished the bill of exchange charter within four months after it was convened. Several issues were hotly debated during the Sessionss. including on the signifier of authorities to follow. the abolishment of the decease punishment. the continued keeping of the Clark and Subic American military bases. and the integrating of economic policies into the Constitution. Brocka would walk out of the Commission before its completion. and two other delegates would dissent from the concluding bill of exchange. The ConCom completed their undertaking on October 12. 1986 and presented the bill of exchange fundamental law to President Aquino on October 15. 1986. After a period of countrywide information run. a plebiscite for its confirmation was held on February 2. 1987. More than three-fourth of all ballots cast. 76. 37 % ( or 17. 059. 495 electors ) favored confirmation as against 22. 65 % ( or 5. 058. 714 electors ) who voted against confirmation. On February 11. 1987. the new fundamental law was proclaimed sanctioned and took consequence. On that same twenty-four hours. Aquino. the other authorities functionaries. and the Armed Forces of the Philippines pledged commitment to the Constitution. Significant characteristics of the 1987 Fundamental law The Constitution establishes the Philippines as a â€Å"democratic and republican State† . where â€Å"sovereignty resides in the people and all authorities authorization emanates from them† . ( Section 1. Article II ) Consistent with the philosophy of separation of powers. the powers of the national authorities are exercised in chief by three subdivisions — the executive subdivision headed by the President. the legislative subdivision composed of Congress and the judicial subdivision with the Supreme Court busying the highest grade of the bench. The President and the members of Congress are straight elected by the people. while the members of the Supreme Court are appointed by the President from a list formed by the Judicial and Bar Council. As with the American system of authorities. it is Congress which enacts the Torahs. topic to the veto power of the President which may however be overturned by a two-thirds ballot of Congress ( Section 27 ( 1 ) . Article VI ) . The President has the constitutional responsibility to guarantee the faithful executing of the Torahs ( Section 17. Article VII ) . while the tribunals are expressly granted the power of judicial reappraisal ( Section 1. Article VIII ) . including the power to invalidate or construe Torahs. The President is besides recognized as the commander-in-chief of the armed forces ( Section 18. Article VII ) . The Constitution besides establishes limited political liberty to the local authorities units that act as the municipal authoritiess for states. metropoliss. municipalities. and barangays. ( Section 1. Article X ) Local authoritiess are by and large considered as falling under the executive subdivision. yet local statute law requires enactment by duly elected local legislative organic structures. The Constitution ( Section 3. Article X ) mandated that the Congress would ordain a Local Government Code. The Congress punctually enacted Republic Act No. 7160. The Local Government Code of 1991. which became effectual on 1 January 1992. [ 5 ] The Supreme Court has noted that the Bill of Rights â€Å"occupies a place of primacy in the cardinal law† . [ 6 ] The Bill of Rights. contained in Article III. enumerates the specific protections against State power. Many of these wa rrants are similar to those provided in the American fundamental law and other democratic fundamental laws. including the due procedure and equal protection clause. the right against indefensible hunts and ictuss. the right to liberate address and the free exercising of faith. the right against self-incrimination. and the right to habeas principal. The range and restrictions to these rights have mostly been determined by Philippine Supreme Court determinations. Outside of the Bill of Rights. the Constitution besides contains several other commissariats reciting assorted province policies including. i. e. . the avowal of labour â€Å"as a primary societal economic force† ( Section 14. Article II ) ; the equal protection of â€Å"the life of the female parent and the life of the unborn from conception† ( Section 12. Article II ) ; the â€Å"Filipino household as the foundation of the nation† ( Article XV. Section 1 ) ; the acknowledgment of Filipino as â€Å"the national linguistic communication of the Philippines† ( Section 6. Article XVI ) . and even a demand that â€Å"all educational establishments shall set about regular athleticss activities throughout the state in cooperation with athletic nines and other sectors. † ( Section 19. 1. Article XIV ) Whether these commissariats may. by themselves. be the beginning of enforceable rights without attach toing statute law has been the topic of considerable argument in the legal domain and within the Supreme Court. The Court. for illustration. has ruled that a proviso necessitating that the State â€Å"guarantee equal entree to chances to public service† could non be enforced without attach toing statute law. and therefore could non exclude the disallowance of alleged â€Å"nuisance candidates† in presidential elections. [ 7 ] But in another instance. the Court held that a proviso necessitating that the State â€Å"protect and progress the right of the people to a balanced and healthful ecology† did non necessitate implementing statute law to go the beginning of operative rights. [ 8 ] Historical fundamental laws Fundamental law of Biak-na-Bato ( 1897 ) The Katipunan revolution led to the Tejeros Convention where. at San Francisco de Malabon. Cavite. on March 22. 1897. the first presidential and frailty presidential elections in Philippine history were held—although merely the Katipuneros ( members of the Katipunan ) were able to take portion. and non the general public. A ulterior meeting of the radical authorities established at that place. held on November 1. 1897 at Biak-na-Bato in the town of San Miguel de Mayumo in Bulacan. established the Republic of Biak-na-Bato. The democracy had a fundamental law drafted by Isabelo Artacho and Felix Ferrer and based on the first Cuban Constitution. [ 9 ] It is known as the â€Å"Constitucion Provisional de la Republica de Filipinas† . and was originally written in and promulgated in the Spanish and Tagalog linguistic communications. [ 10 ] Malolos Constitution ( 1899 ) The Malolos Constitution was the first republican fundamental law in Asia. [ 11 ] It declared that sovereignty resides entirely in the people. stated basic civil rights. separated the church and province. and called for the creative activity of an Assembly of Representatives to move as the legislative organic structure. It besides called for a Presidential signifier of authorities with the president elected for a term of four old ages by a bulk of the Assembly. [ 12 ] It was titled â€Å"Constitucion politica† . and was written in Spanish following the declaration of independency from Spain. [ 13 ] proclaimed on January 20. 1899. and was enacted and ratified by the Malolos Congress. a Congress held in Malolos. Bulacan. [ 14 ] [ 15 ] Acts of the United States Congress The Philippines was a United States Territory from December 10. 1898 to March 24. 1934. [ 16 ] As such. the Philippines was under the legal power of the federal authorities of the United States during this period. Two Acts of the Apostless of the United States Congress passed during this period can be considered Filipino fundamental laws in that those Acts of the Apostless defined the cardinal political rules. and established the construction. processs. powers and responsibilities. of the Filipino authorities. 1. The Philippine Organic Act of 1902. sometimes known as the â€Å"Philippine Bill of 1902† . was the first organic jurisprudence for the Philippine Islands enacted by the United States Congress. It provided for the creative activity of a popularly elected Philippine Assembly. and specified that legislative power would be vested in a bicameral legislative assembly composed of the Filipino Commission ( upper house ) and the Philippine Assembly ( lower house ) . Its cardi nal commissariats included a measure of rights for the Filipinos and the assignment of two nonvoting Filipino occupant commissioners to stand for the Philippines in the United States Congress. 2. The Philippine Autonomy Act of 1916. sometimes known as â€Å"Jones Law† . modified the construction of the Filipino authorities by taking the Filipino Commission as the legislative upper house. replacing it with a Senate elected by Filipino electors. This act besides explicitly stated that it was and had ever been the intent of the people of the United States to retreat their sovereignty over the Filipino Islands and to acknowledge Filipino independency every bit shortly as a stable authorities can be established in this. Though non a fundamental law itself. the Tydings-McDuffie Act of 1934 provided authorization and defined mechanisms for the constitution of a formal fundamental law via a constitutional convention. Commonwealth and Third Republic ( 1935 ) The 1935 Constitution was written in 1934. sanctioned and adopted by the Commonwealth of the Philippines ( 1935-1946 ) and subsequently used by the Third Republic of the Philippines ( 1946-1972 ) . It was written with an oculus to run intoing the blessing of the United States Government every bit good. so as to guarantee that the U. S. would populate up to its promise to allow the Philippines independency and non hold a premiss to keep onto its â€Å"possession† on the evidences that it was excessively politically immature and therefore unready for full. existent independency. The original 1935 Constitution provided for unicameral National Assembly and the President was elected to a six-year term without re-election. It was amended in 1940 to hold a bicameral Congress composed of a Senate and House of Representatives. every bit good the creative activity of an independent electoral committee. The Constitution now granted the President a four-year term with a upper limit of two back-to-back footings in office. A Constitutional Convention was held in 1971 to rewrite the 1935 Constitution. The convention was stained with apparent graft and corruptness. Possibly the most controversial issue was taking the presidential term bound so that Ferdinand E. Marcos could seek election for a 3rd term. which many felt was the true ground for which the convention was called. In any instance. the 1935 Constitution was suspended in 1972 with Marcos’ announcement of soldierly jurisprudence. the rampant corruptness of the constitutional procedure supplying him with one of his major premises for making so. Second Republic ( 1943 ) The 1943 Constitution was drafted by a commission appointed by the Philippine Executive Commission. the organic structure established by the Japanese to administrate the Philippines in stead of the Commonwealth of the Philippines which had established a government-in-exile. In mid-1942 Nipponese Premier Hideki Tojo had promised the Filipinos â€Å"the award of independence† which meant that the committee would be supplanted by a formal democracy. The Preparatory Committee for Philippine Independence tasked with outlining a new fundamental law was composed in big portion. of members of the prewar National Assembly and of persons with experience as delegates to the convention that had drafted the 1935 Constitution. Their bill of exchange for the democracy to be established under the Nipponese Occupation. nevertheless. would be limited in continuance. supply for indirect. alternatively of direct. legislative elections. and an even stronger executive subdivision. Upon blessing of the bill of exchange by the Committee. the new charter was ratified in 1943 by an assembly of appointed. provincial representatives of the Kalibapi. the organisation established by the Japanese to replace all old political parties. Upon confirmation by the Kalibapi assembly. the Second Republic was officially proclaimed ( 1943-1945 ) . Jose P. Laurel was appointed as President by the National Assembly and inaugurated into office in October 1943. Laurel was extremely regarded by the Japanese for holding openly criticised the US for the manner they ran the Philippines. and because he had a grade from Tokyo International University. The 1943 Constitution remained in force in Japanese-controlled countries of the Philippines. but was ne'er recognized as legitimate or binding by the authoritiess of the United States or of the Commonwealth of the Philippines and guerilla organisations loyal to them. In late 1944. President Laurel declared a province of war existed with the United States and the British Empire and proclaimed soldierly jurisprudence. basically governing by edict. His authorities in bend went into expatriate in December. 1944. first to Taiwan and so Japan. After the proclamation of Japan’s resignation. Laurel officially proclaimed the Second Republic as dissolved. Until the sixtiess. the Second Republic. and its officers. were non viewed as legitimate or as holding any standing. with the exclusion of the Supreme Court whose determinations. limited to reappraisals of condemnable and commercial instances as portion of a policy of discretion by Chief Justice Jose Yulo continued to be portion of the functionary records ( this was made easier by the Commonwealth ne'er representing a Supreme Court. and the formal vacancy in the main justness place for the Commonwealth with the executing of Chief Justice Jose Abad Santos by the Japanese ) . It was merely during the Macapagal disposal that a partial. political rehabilitation of the Japanese-era democracy took topographic point. with the acknowledgment of Laurel as a former president and the add-on of his cabinet and other functionaries to the roll of past authorities functionaries. However. the 1943 charter was non taught in schools and the Torahs of the 1943-44 National Assembly ne'er recognized as valid or relevant. The 1943 Constitution provided strong executive powers. The Legislature consisted of a unicameral National Assembly and merely those considered as anti-US could stand for election. although in pattern most legislators were appointed instead than elected. The New Society and the Fourth Republic ( 1973 ) The 1973 Constitution. promulgated after Marcos’ declaration of soldierly jurisprudence. was supposed to present a parliamentary-style authorities. Legislative power was vested in a National Assembly whose members were elected for six-year footings. The President was ideally supposed to be elected as the symbolic and strictly ceremonial caput of province from the Members of the National Assembly for a six-year term and could be re-elected to an limitless figure of footings. Upon election. the President ceased to be a member of the National Assembly. During his term. the President was non allowed to be a member of a political party or keep any other office. Executive power was meant to be exercised by the Prime Minister who was besides elected from the Members of the National Assembly. The Prime Minister was the caput of authorities and Commander-in-Chief of the armed forces. This fundamental law was later amended four times ( arguably five depending on how one considers Proclamation No. 3 of 1986 ) . On October 16-17 1976. a bulk of barangay electors ( Citizen Assemblies ) approved that soldierly jurisprudence should be continued and ratified the amendments to the Constitution proposed by President Marcos. [ 19 ] The 1976 amendments were: †¢an Interim Batasang Pambansa ( IBP ) replacing for the Interim National Assembly †¢the President would besides go the Prime Minister and he would go on to exert legislative powers until soldierly jurisprudence should hold been lifted. The Sixth Amendment authorized the President to pass: Whenever in the judgement of the President there exists a sedate exigency or a menace or imminency thereof. or whenever the Interim Batasang Pambansa or the regular National Assembly fails or is unable to move adequately on any affair for any ground that in his judgement requires immediate action. he may. in order to run into the exigency. publish the necessary edicts. orders or letters of instructions. which shall organize portion of the jurisprudence of the land. The 1973 Constitution was further amended in 1980 and 1981. In the 1980 amendment. the retirement age of the members of the Judiciary was extended to 70 old ages. In the 1981 amendments. the false parliamentary system was officially modified into a French-style semi-presidential system: †¢executive power was restored to the President ;†¢direct election of the President was restored ;†¢an Executive Committee composed of the Prime Minister and non more than 14 members was created to â€Å"assist the President in the exercising of his powers and maps and in the public presentation of his responsibilities as he may order ; † and the Prime Minister was a mere caput of the Cabinet.†¢Further. the amendments instituted electoral reforms and provided that a natural born citizen of the Philippines who has lost his citizenship may be a transferee of private land for usage by him as his abode. The last amendments in 1984 abolished the Executive Committee and restored the place of Vice-President ( which did non be in the original. unamended 1973 Constitution ) . In existent pattern. while the 1973 Constitution was ideally supposed to put up a true parliamentary system. the late President Marcos had made usage of blind and use in order to maintain executive power for himself. instead than devolving executive powers to the Parliament. as headed by the Prime Minister. The terminal consequence was that the 1973 Constitution – due to all amendments and elusive uses – was simply the abolishment of the Senate and a series of decorative text-changes where the old American-derived nomenclatures such House of Representatives became known as the â€Å"Batasang Pambansa† ( National Assembly ) . Departments became known as â€Å"Ministries† . cabinet secretaries became known as â€Å"cabinet ministers† . and the President’s helper – the Executive Secretary – became known as the â€Å"Prime Minister. † Ultimately. Marcos’ alleged â€Å"Parliamentary System† hence functioned as an authoritarian-run Presidential System due to the series of amendments and other alterations put in topographic point after the 1973 Constitution was ratified. 1986 â€Å"Freedom Constitution† Following the EDSA People Power Revolution that removed President Ferdinand E. Marcos from office. the new President. Corazon C. Aquino issued Proclamation No. 3 as a probationary fundamental law to would fix for the following fundamental law. It adopted certain commissariats from the 1973 fundamental law and granted the President wide powers to reorganize the authorities and take functionaries from office. and mandated that the president would name a committee to outline a new fundamental law. refference/source ; # a B â€Å"The 1987 Fundamental law of the Republic of the Philippines† . 15 October 1986. hypertext transfer protocol: //www. thecorpusjuris. com/laws/constitutions/8-philippineconstitutions/70-1987-constitution. hypertext markup language. Retrieved 2008-04-03. # ^ Isagani Cruz ( 1993 ) . Constitutional Law. Quezon City. Philippines: Cardinal Lawbook Publishing Co. . Inc. . pp. 19. ISBN 971-16-0184-2. # ^ Joaquin Bernas. S. J. ( 1996 ) . The 1987 Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines: A Commentary. Manila. Philippines: Rex Book Store. pp. xxxiv-xxxix. ISBN 971-23-2013-8. # ^ â€Å"1986 Provisional â€Å"Freedom† Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines† . 25 March 1986. hypertext transfer protocol: //www. thecorpusjuris. com/laws/constitutions/8-philippineconstitutions/69-1986-constitution. hypertext markup language. Retrieved 2008-04-03. # ^ â€Å"Local Government Code of 1991† . 1 January 1992. hypertext transfer pr otocol: //www. chanrobles. com/localgov. htm. Retrieved 2007-06-09. # ^ â€Å"People vs. Tatud ( G. R. No. 144037 ) † . Supreme Court of the Philippines. 26 September 2003. hypertext transfer protocol: //www. supremecourt. gov. ph/jurisprudence/2003/sep2003/144037. htm. Retrieved 2007-06-09. # ^ â€Å"Pamatong vs. Comelec ( G. R. No. 161872 ) † . SupremeCourt of the Philippines. 13 April 2004. hypertext transfer protocol: //www. supremecourt. gov. ph/jurisprudence/2004/apr2004/161872. htm. Retrieved 2007-06-09. # ^ â€Å"Oposa et Al. v. Fulgencio ( G. R. No. 101083 ) † . Supreme Court of the Philippines ( requoted by Lawphil. cyberspace ) . 30 July 1993. hypertext transfer protocol: //www. lawphil. net/judjuris/juri1993/jul1993/gr_101083_1993. hypertext markup language. Retrieved 2007-06-09. # ^ Wikisource-logo. svg 1897 Constitution of Biak-na-Bato ( Philippines ) at Wikisource. # ^ â€Å"1897 Biac-na-Bato Constitution† . Corpus Juris. 1 November 1897. h ypertext transfer protocol: //www. thecorpusjuris. com/laws/constitutions/8-philippineconstitutions/300-1897-biac-na-bato-constitution. hypertext markup language? showall=1. Retrieved 2009-01-25. # ^ Tucker. Spencer C. ( 2009 ) . The encyclopaedia of the Spanish-American and Philippine-American wars: a political. societal. and military history. ABC-CLIO. p. 364. ISBN 9781851099511. hypertext transfer protocol: //books. Google. com/ ? id=8V3vZxOmHssC # ^ Guevara. Sulpico. erectile dysfunction ( 2005 ) . The Torahs of the first Philippine Republic ( the Torahs of Malolos ) 1898-1899. . Ann Arbor. Michigan: University of Michigan Library ( published 1972 ) . pp. 104–119. hypertext transfer protocol: //quod. lib. umich. edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx? c=philamer ; iel=1 ; view=toc ; idno=aab1246. 0001. 001. Retrieved 2008-03-26. ( English interlingual rendition by Sulpicio Guevara ) # ^ Guevara 2005. p. 88.

Flodden - Battle of Flodden Field

Battle of Flodden - Conflict Date: The Battle of Flodden was fought September 9, 1513, during the War of the League of Cambrai (1508-1516). Battle of Flodden - Armies Commanders: Scotland King James IV34,000 men England Thomas Howard, Earl of Surrey26,000 men Battle of Flodden - Background: Seeking to honor the Auld Alliance with France, King James IV of Scotland declared war on England in 1513. As the army mustered, it transitioned from the traditional Scottish spear to the modern European pike which was being used to great effect by the Swiss and Germans. While trained by the French Comte dAussi, it is unlikely that the Scots had mastered the weapon and maintaining the tight formations required for its use before moving south. Gathering around 30,000 men and seventeen guns, James crossed the border on August 22 and moved to seize Norham Castle. Battle of Flodden - The Scots Advance: Enduring miserable weather and taking high losses, the Scots succeeded in capturing Norham. In the wake of the success, many, tired of the rain and spreading disease, began to desert. While James loitered in Northumberland, King Henry VIIIs northern army began to gather under the leadership of Thomas Howard, Earl of Surrey. Numbering around 24,500, Surreys men were equipped with bills, eight-foot long poles with blades at the end made for slashing. Joining his infantry were 1,500 light horsemen under Thomas, Lord Dacre. Battle of Flodden - The Armies Meet: Not wishing the Scots to slip away, Surrey dispatched a messenger to James offering battle on September 9. In an uncharacteristic move for a Scottish king, James accepted stating that he would remain in Northumberland until noon on the appointed day. As Surrey marched, James shifted his army into a fortress-like position atop Flodden, Moneylaws, and Branxton Hills. Forming a rough horseshoe, the position could only be approached from the east and required crossing the River Till. Reaching the Till Valley on September 6, Surrey immediately recognized the strength of the Scottish position. Again dispatching a messenger, Surrey chastised James for taking such a strong position and invited him to do battle on the nearby plains around Milfield. Refusing, James wished to fight a defensive battle on his own terms. With his supplies dwindling, Surrey was compelled to choose between abandoning the area or attempting a flanking march to the north and west to force the Scots out of their position. Opting for the latter, his men began crossing the Till at Twizel Bridge and Milford Ford on September 8. Reaching a position above the Scots, they turned south and deployed facing Branxton Hill. Due to continued stormy weather, James did not become aware of the English maneuver until sometime around noon on September 9. As a result, he began shifting his entire army to Branxton Hill. Formed in five divisions, Lord Hume and the Early of Huntly led the left, the Earls of Crawford and Montrose the left center, James the right center, and the Earls of Argyll and Lennox the right. The Earl of Bothwells division was held in reserve to the rear. Artillery was placed in the spaces between the divisions. At the base of the hill and across a small stream, Surrey deployed his men in similar fashion. Battle of Flodden - Disaster for the Scots: Around 4:00 in the afternoon, James artillery opened fire on the English position. Consisting largely of siege guns, they did little damage. On the English side, Sir Nicholas Appelbys twenty-two guns replied with great effect. Silencing the Scottish artillery, they began a devastating bombardment of James formations. Unable to withdraw over the crest without risking a panic, James continued to take losses. To his left, Hume and Huntly elected to begin the action without orders. Moving their men down the least steep part of the hill, their pikemen advanced toward Edmund Howards troops. Hampered by the severe weather, Howards archers fired with little effect and his formation was shattered by Hume and Huntlys men. Driving through the English, their formation began to dissolve and their advance was checked by Dacres horsemen. Seeing this success, James directed Crawford and Montrose to move forward and began advancing with his own division. Unlike the first attack, these divisions were forced to descend a steep slope which began to open their ranks. Pressing on, additional momentum was lost in crossing the stream. Reaching the English lines, Crawford and Montroses men were disorganized and the bills of Thomas Howard, the Lord Admirals men slashed into their ranks and cut the heads from the Scottish pikes. Forced to rely on swords and axes, the Scots took frightful losses as they were unable to engage the English as close range. To the right, James had some success and pushed back the division led by Surrey. Halting the Scottish advance, James men soon faced a situation similar to Crawford and Montrose. On the right, Argyle and Lennoxs Highlanders remained in position watching the battle. As a result, they failed to notice the arrival of Edward Stanleys division on their front. Though the Highlanders were in a strong position, Stanley saw that it could be flanked to the east. Sending forward a portion of his command to hold the enemy in place, the remainder made a concealed movement to the left and up the hill. Unleashing a massive arrow storm on the Scots from two directions, Stanley was able to force them to flee the field. Seeing Bothwells men advancing to support the king, Stanley reformed his troops and along with Dacre attacked the Scottish reserve from the rear. In a brief fight they were driven off and the English descended on the rear of the Scottish lines. Under attack on three sides, the Scots battled on with James falling in the fighting. By 6:00 PM much of the fighting had ended with the Scots retreating east over the ground held by Hume and Huntly. Battle of Flodden - Aftermath: Unaware of the magnitude of his victory, Surrey remained in place overnight. The next morning, Scottish horsemen were spotted on Branxton Hill but were quickly driven away. The remnants of the Scottish army limped back across the River Tweed. In the fighting at Flodden, the Scots lost around 10,000 men including James, nine earls, fourteen Lords of Parliament, and the Archbishop of St. Andrews. On the English side, Surrey lost around 1,500 men, most from Edmund Howards division. The largest battle in terms of numbers fought between the two nations, it was also Scotlands worst ever military defeat. It was believed at the time that every noble family in Scotland lost at least one person at Flodden. Selected Sources North East England History Pages: Battle of Flodden FieldElectric Scotland: Battle of FloddenUK Battlefields Resource Centre: Battle of Flodden